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液壓缸的介紹

液壓(ya)(ya)缸是(shi)將液壓(ya)(ya)能轉變為機械能的、做直線(xian)往復(fu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)（或擺動(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)）的液壓(ya)(ya)執行元件。它(ta)(ta)結(jie)構簡(jian)單(dan)、工作可靠。用(yong)(yong)它(ta)(ta)來實現往復(fu)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時，可免去(qu)減(jian)速裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，并且(qie)沒有傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)間隙(xi)，運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)平穩，因此在各種機械的液壓(ya)(ya)系統中得到(dao)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。液壓(ya)(ya)缸輸出力和(he)活(huo)塞(sai)有效面積及其兩邊(bian)的壓(ya)(ya)差成正比；液壓(ya)(ya)缸基本上由缸筒和(he)缸蓋、活(huo)塞(sai)和(he)活(huo)塞(sai)桿、密封裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、緩(huan)沖裝(zhuang)置(zhi)與排氣裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組成。緩(huan)沖裝(zhuang)置(zhi)與排氣裝(zhuang)置(zhi)視具體應用(yong)(yong)場合而(er)定，其他裝(zhuang)置(zhi)則很(hen)重要。

液(ye)壓缸結構基本上可以分為缸筒和(he)缸蓋、活(huo)塞(sai)和(he)活(huo)塞(sai)桿、密封裝(zhuang)置、緩沖裝(zhuang)置和(he)排氣裝(zhuang)置五(wu)個部分。今天(tian)威(wei)海力建小編著重帶(dai)著大(da)家了解(jie)一下缸筒和(he)缸蓋。

 缸筒和缸蓋

一般來(lai)說(shuo)，缸(gang)(gang)筒(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)缸(gang)(gang)蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)其使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料有(you)關。工(gong)(gong)作壓力p＜10MPa時(shi)，使用(yong)鑄(zhu)鐵；p＜20MPa時(shi)，使用(yong)無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)；p＞20MPa時(shi)，使用(yong)鑄(zhu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)或(huo)鍛(duan)(duan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)。法蘭(lan)連(lian)(lian)接式(shi)(shi)，結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單，容易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)，也容易(yi)裝拆，但外(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)寸(cun)和(he)(he)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)都(dou)較(jiao)大(da)，常用(yong)于鑄(zhu)鐵制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缸(gang)(gang)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)。半環連(lian)(lian)接式(shi)(shi)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缸(gang)(gang)筒(tong)(tong)壁(bi)部因(yin)開了(le)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)槽(cao)而(er)削(xue)弱了(le)強度，為此有(you)時(shi)要(yao)加(jia)厚(hou)缸(gang)(gang)壁(bi)，它(ta)容易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)裝拆，重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)輕，常用(yong)于無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)或(huo)鍛(duan)(duan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缸(gang)(gang)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)。螺紋連(lian)(lian)接式(shi)(shi)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缸(gang)(gang)筒(tong)(tong)端(duan)部結(jie)構(gou)復雜，外(wai)徑加(jia)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)要(yao)求保證內(nei)外(wai)徑同心，裝拆要(yao)使用(yong)工(gong)(gong)具，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)寸(cun)和(he)(he)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)都(dou)較(jiao)小，常用(yong)于無縫(feng)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)或(huo)鑄(zhu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缸(gang)(gang)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)。拉桿連(lian)(lian)接式(shi)(shi)，結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通用(yong)性大(da)，容易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)裝拆，但外(wai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)寸(cun)較(jiao)大(da)，且較(jiao)重(zhong)。焊接連(lian)(lian)接式(shi)(shi)，結(jie)構(gou)簡(jian)單，尺(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)寸(cun)小，但缸(gang)(gang)底處內(nei)徑不易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)，且可能引起變(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

零(ling)部件加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度(du)(du)的(de)影(ying)(ying)響問(wen)(wen)題，在(zai)液(ye)壓缸(gang)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)過程中應嚴格控制(zhi)(zhi)缸(gang)體內(nei)(nei)壁和活塞桿(gan)表面加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度(du)(du)，特別是幾何精度(du)(du)，尤(you)其(qi)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)度(du)(du)是關鍵，在(zai)國內(nei)(nei)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝中，活塞桿(gan)表面的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基本上是車后磨(mo)(mo)削，保證(zheng)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)度(du)(du)問(wen)(wen)題不(bu)(bu)大(da)，但對于缸(gang)體內(nei)(nei)壁的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，其(qi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)很多，有(you)鏜(tang)(tang)削-滾(gun)壓、鏜(tang)(tang)削-珩(heng)(heng)磨(mo)(mo)、直(zhi)接(jie)珩(heng)(heng)磨(mo)(mo)等，但由于國內(nei)(nei)材料的(de)基礎(chu)水平較(jiao)國外有(you)差(cha)(cha)距，管(guan)(guan)材坯料直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)度(du)(du)差(cha)(cha)，壁厚不(bu)(bu)均(jun)勻、硬度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)均(jun)勻等因素(su)，往往直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)(ying)響缸(gang)體內(nei)(nei)壁加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)度(du)(du)，因此建議(yi)采用鏜(tang)(tang)削-滾(gun)壓、鏜(tang)(tang)削-珩(heng)(heng)磨(mo)(mo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，如直(zhi)接(jie)珩(heng)(heng)磨(mo)(mo)，則(ze)必須首先提(ti)高管(guan)(guan)材坯料的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)度(du)(du)。

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　　在(zai)允許的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，液壓缸(gang)的(de)缸(gang)體(ti)(ti)壁厚安全(quan)系數(shu)盡量選大(da)一些，使(shi)(shi)缸(gang)體(ti)(ti)厚壁增加，特別(bie)是高(gao)壓工(gong)況(kuang)下(xia)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)油(you)缸(gang)，以減小油(you)壓下(xia)的(de)缸(gang)體(ti)(ti)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)，變(bian)形(xing)(xing)后的(de)缸(gang)體(ti)(ti)也(ye)會(hui)引起(qi)液壓缸(gang)低速爬行。